The port-town of Calais was the sole remaining English-held territory in the de jure domain of France. Upon its capture in the 14th century, it became a beacon for English trade and economy, coming to be called “the brightest jewel in the English crown” for its significance in ensuring a steady flow of textile trade through an English port in mainland Europe. At times, it was calculated to have amounted approximately a third of the crown’s income. However, maintaining the small territory was costly, and French kings made numerous attempts at reclaiming it. Eventually, one of these attempts proved to be successful when, after a short siege, Henry II of France reclaimed Calais for the Kingdom of France. Devastated by the loss, Mary famously stated, “When I am dead and opened, you shall find Philip and Calais lying in my heart.”
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